Selection principles of a hollow rotary actuator

1.Brief of a hollow rotary actuator

A hollow rotary actuator is an integrated device that combines a high-rigidity hollow rotary table with a motor and driver, designed for automated angular adjustment and the accurate, high-torque positioning of large-inertia loads. Its defining feature is a large-diameter central bore, which simplifies wiring, piping, and installation by allowing components to pass directly through the unit. These actuators are used in factory automation for tasks like robot joints, alignment mechanisms, and rotary tables, offering advantages such as high precision, reliability, and simplified equipment design. 

2.Key Components and functionality

1.Motor & Driver:An integrated motor (often a stepper motor) with a driver provides the energy for rotation. 

2.Hollow Output Table:The central component is a large-diameter, hollow output table with a high-precision, direct-mount design. 

3.Bearings:Cross-roller bearings are used to support high axial, radial, and moment loads, providing rigidity and durability. 

4.Mechanical Encoder:Many models include a built-in, battery-less absolute encoder, eliminating the need for external home or limit sensors.      

3.Key technologies of a hollow rotary actuator

1.Hollow Shaft/Bore:The defining feature is the large diameter hole through the center of the actuator, which simplifies wiring and tubing, reducing the need for complex routing and saving space. 

2.High-Rigidity Cross-Roller Bearings:These bearings are crucial for providing high stiffness and accuracy, allowing the actuator to withstand significant radial, thrust, and moment loads without excessive deflection. 

3.Optimized Gear Train:A carefully designed gear train provides precise speed reduction and torque multiplication while maintaining a compact form factor. 

4.Integrated Sensors:Many hollow rotary actuators feature built-in mechanical absolute encoders, eliminating the need for external sensors for homing and positioning, thereby simplifying the system design. 

5.High Torque & High Accuracy:The combination of the bearing design and integrated components allows for high torque output and high positional accuracy despite the actuator's compact size. 

6.Simplified System Design:By allowing components to pass through the shaft, the hollow design eliminates the need for separate mechanical components like belts and pulleys, reducing complexity, cost, and potential errors. 

4.Selection principles of a hollow rotary actuator

1.Understand Application Needs:Define the required torque for starting and stopping, and the desired rotational speed and acceleration/deceleration rates. For precise tasks, consider backlash (the amount of play in the system) and repeatability to ensure the actuator can consistently reach and hold target positions. Determine how accurately and quickly the actuator must stop at a specific position. 

2.Calculate Loads:Calculate the load's moment of inertia, as it indicates how difficult it is to start or stop the load. Use the load inertia and desired speed/time to calculate the acceleration torque needed. If the load exerts forces on the output shaft, calculate the axial and radial loads and ensure they are within the actuator's specifications. 

3.Evaluate Actuator Specifications:Ensure the actuator can provide the necessary torque and handle the load's moment of inertia within the required positioning time. Verify that the actuator can withstand the calculated axial and radial loads. Look for actuators with high rigidity to prevent vibration and ensure stable operation. 

4.Consider Practical Design Aspects:The large hollow center simplifies equipment design by allowing cables and tubing to pass through, reducing complex wiring and piping. Consider the mounting configuration (horizontal, ceiling, or wall mount) and whether a motor clearance hole is needed in the mounting plate, or if an accessory installation pedestal is required. Some actuators may produce a small amount of grease leakage. If this is a concern due to contamination, plan for routine inspection or install protective equipment.

How to enhance the control capability of linear guide rails?

1.Brief of linear guide rail

A linear guide rail is a mechanical component used in linear motion systems to guide and support a moving carriage along a precise, straight path. These systems consist of a stationary, precision-ground rail and a carriage containing bearings that glide or roll along it, facilitating smooth, low-friction movement with high accuracy and load-bearing capacity. They are crucial in various industries, including medical devices, robotics, and automation, where precise, high-speed, and reliable linear movement is essential. 

2.Components and operation of linear guide rail

1.Guide Rail (or Track):This is the stationary component that provides a precise, straight pathway for the linear motion. It has machined raceways (grooves) that the rolling elements will interact with. 

2.Slider (or Block):This is the moving component that houses the rolling elements, such as balls or rollers. It is mounted on the moving part of the machine. 

3.Rolling Elements:Balls or rollers are placed between the slider and the guide rail. 

4.Recirculation System:When the slider moves, the rolling elements are continuously cycled through the slider and back to the start of the raceway, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted motion.       

3.The methods of enhancing control force of linear guide rail

1.Increased Precision and Accuracy:One of the primary advantages of using linear guide rail systems in robotics is the increased precision and accuracy they provide. These systems are designed to minimize friction and eliminate play, ensuring that the motion of robotic components is precise and repeatable. This level of precision is crucial in applications that require the manipulation of small or delicate parts, such as electronics assembly or microsurgery.

2.Smooth and Controlled Motion:Another key benefit of using linear guide rail systems in robotics is the ability to achieve smooth and controlled motion. These systems are designed to minimize vibration and ensure uniform motion, resulting in smooth and seamless movement of robotic components. 

3.Enhanced Load Capacity and Rigidity:Linear guide rail systems offer enhanced load capacity and rigidity, making them well-suited for a wide range of robotic applications. These systems are designed to support heavy loads and withstand dynamic forces, providing the necessary stability and strength for robotic components to operate effectively. 

4.Versatility and Customization:Linear guide rail systems offer a high degree of versatility and customization, making them suitable for a wide range of robotic applications. These systems come in various configurations, including different sizes, shapes, and materials, allowing robotics engineers to tailor their designs to meet specific motion control requirements. 

5.Cost-Effective and Low Maintenance:Another important benefit of using linear guide rail systems in robotics is their cost-effectiveness and low maintenance requirements. These systems are designed to operate reliably and efficiently over a long service life, requiring minimal maintenance and upkeep to maintain their performance. 

4.Applications of linear guide rail 

1.Manufacturing and Assembly Lines:In manufacturing environments, linear guide systems are crucial for automating assembly lines. They enable precise movement of robotic arms, conveyors, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). 

2.CNC Machining:Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines rely heavily on linear guide rail systems for accurate movement of cutting tools and workpieces. These guides ensure that the machine's components move smoothly along predetermined paths, allowing for high-precision machining processes. 

3.Robotics:In the field of robotics, linear guide rail systems play a vital role in enabling precise movements of robotic arms and other components. They allow robots to perform tasks such as pick-and-place operations, welding, and assembly with high accuracy. 

4.Medical Equipment:Linear guide rail systems are extensively used in medical devices and equipment. For instance, in imaging systems such as MRI machines, linear guides help position the imaging apparatus accurately. 

5.Packaging Industry:In the packaging industry, linear guide systems are used in various applications, including filling, labeling, and sealing machines. They facilitate the smooth movement of packaging components and ensure accurate positioning of products during the packaging process. 

6.Electronics Manufacturing:The electronics industry relies on linear guide rail systems for assembling delicate components such as circuit boards and semiconductors. These guides provide the precision needed to position components accurately during assembly, ensuring high-quality products. 

7.Textile Machinery:In the textile industry, linear guide systems are employed in various machines, such as sewing machines, weaving machines, and fabric cutting equipment. They enable precise movement of cutting blades and sewing mechanisms, ensuring high-quality production of textiles. 

8.Aerospace Applications:The aerospace industry utilizes linear guide rail systems in the manufacturing and assembly of aircraft components. These guides ensure precise movements of heavy machinery used in the production of wings, fuselages, and other critical parts.

What are the precautions for using closed-loop stepper motors?

1.What is a closed loop stepper motor?

A closed-loop stepper motor is a type of stepper motor that incorporates a feedback mechanism, typically an encoder, to continuously monitor the motor's position and correct for any deviations from the commanded position. Unlike traditional open-loop stepper motors that operate without feedback, closed-loop systems provide enhanced accuracy, improved torque performance, and greater reliability, especially in applications with varying loads. 

2.Working principle of closed loop stepper motor

1.Command Input:The system controller sends a command (e.g., desired position, speed, or torque) to the motor driver. 

2.Initial Movement:The driver sends electrical pulses to the motor, causing it to rotate and move towards the target position. 

3.Feedback and Correction:The encoder monitors the motor's actual position and sends this information back to the driver. If the motor's position lags behind or deviates from the commanded position, the driver adjusts the current and pulse sequence to compensate and bring the motor back on track. 

4.Error Detection and Alarm:In cases of extreme overload or obstruction, the motor might not be able to move as commanded. The encoder will detect this error, and the driver can send an alarm signal back to the controller, potentially halting the system to prevent damage.     

3.Performance advantages of closed loop stepper motor

1.Enhanced Accuracy and Precision:Closed-loop systems utilize encoders to continuously monitor the motor's position and provide feedback to the controller.This feedback mechanism allows the system to detect and correct any deviations from the commanded position, resulting in improved accuracy and precision, especially in applications requiring high-precision motion control.

2.Improved Reliability and Step Loss Prevention:Open-loop stepper motors are susceptible to step loss, especially under heavy loads or at high speeds, which can disrupt operations and lead to errors.Closed-loop systems eliminate step loss by constantly monitoring the motor's position and adjusting the control signals to compensate for any deviations.This ensures that the motor always reaches its intended position, even under varying loads or during dynamic movements. 

3.Increased Efficiency:Closed-loop stepper motors can optimize power consumption by dynamically adjusting the current supplied to the motor based on the load and speed requirements. This dynamic adjustment reduces energy waste and heat generation compared to open-loop systems that operate at a fixed power level. The improved efficiency translates to lower energy costs and a more stable operating environment. 

4.Higher Torque at Low Speeds and Faster Positioning:Closed-loop systems can provide higher torque at low speeds compared to open-loop systems, enabling the use of smaller motors in certain applications.They also offer faster and more accurate positioning due to the real-time feedback mechanism. 

5.Diverse Applications:Closed-loop stepper motors are well-suited for a wide range of applications, includingRobotics,Semiconductor manufacturing,Medical devices,3D printing,CNC machines.     

4.Precautions for using closed-loop stepper motors

1.Encoder and Control System:Ensure the encoder is correctly wired and that the encoder resolution settings match those of the controller to avoid position errors and inaccurate feedback. Verify the controller is compatible with the closed-loop stepper motor and encoder system. Be aware that microstepping settings primarily affect the smoothness of rotation, not the overall positioning accuracy. 

2.Heat Dissipation and Environment:Closed-loop stepper motors, like other motors, have temperature limitations. Ensure the motor and driver operate within the specified temperature range (e.g., typically below 80°C for integrated closed-loop stepper motors). Proper cooling is crucial. Consider using upright installation to maximize air convection and, if needed, install fans near the driver to dissipate heat. Avoid dusty, oily, corrosive, or excessively humid environments. Also, protect the motor from vibration and strong magnetic fields. 

3.Emergency Stop and Fault Handling:Implement an external emergency stop circuit to quickly cut power and halt operation in case of an abnormality. Be aware that closed-loop systems can enter an alarm state if position errors exceed the threshold. Implement appropriate measures to handle alarms and prevent damage. Ensure proper fault detection mechanisms are in place to identify issues like encoder damage, signal interference, or control signal abnormalities. While closed-loop systems can compensate for lost steps, they shouldn't be the primary method for preventing them. Prioritize proper sizing and testing to minimize step loss in the first place, according to a motion control resource. 

4.Tuning and Parameter Settings:Carefully tune the control parameters, such as the PID (Proportional, Integral, Differential) settings, to match the specific load and application requirements. Avoid overly steep acceleration and deceleration curves, which can lead to step loss or motor stalling. Before full operation, test the system with low speeds and accelerations to identify potential issues and ensure stable operation. 

5.General Precautions:Only qualified personnel should install, debug, and maintain closed-loop stepper motor systems. Ensure correct wiring before powering on the system, as incorrect connections can damage the motor or driver. 

How to effectively control the integrated servo motor?

1.Brief of integrated servo motor

An integrated servo motor combines the motor, encoder, drive, and controller into a single, compact unit. This simplifies wiring, reduces installation time, and enhances reliability compared to traditional servo systems. It's essentially a "plug and play" solution for motion control, offering advantages in terms of size, ease of use, and performance. 

2.The working steps of integarted servo motor

1.Control Signal:An external controller (or sometimes a built-in one) sends a control signal to the integrated servo motor. 

2.Drive Function:The drive interprets the control signal and provides the appropriate power to the motor. 

3.Motor Rotation:The motor rotates based on the power supplied by the drive. 

4.Feedback:The encoder continuously monitors the motor's position and speed, providing feedback to the drive. 

5.Closed-Loop Control:The drive uses the feedback information to precisely control the motor's movement, ensuring it reaches and maintains the desired position and speed.  

3.Structure advantages of integrated servo motor

1.Compact Design:The integration of all components into a single housing significantly reduces the overall footprint of the servo system. This is particularly beneficial in space-constrained applications like robotics, medical devices, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). 

2.Simplified Wiring:Traditional servo systems require multiple cables for power, feedback, and control signals. Integrated servo motors streamline wiring, reducing the number of cables and connection points. This leads to easier installation, improved reliability, and reduced risk of wiring errors. 

3.Precision Control:Integrated servo motors often incorporate high-resolution encoders and sophisticated control algorithms. This enables precise positioning, speed control, and torque control, making them ideal for applications requiring accurate motion, such as robotic arms and automated manufacturing processes. 

4.Reduced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI):By minimizing cabling and integrating components, integrated servo motors can reduce EMI, improving the overall stability and performance of the system. 

5.Ease of Integration:The integrated design simplifies the integration process, allowing for quicker installation and setup. This can lead to reduced development time and faster deployment of automated systems. 

4.Control methods of integrated servo motor

1.Torque control:The torque control method is to set the external output torque of the motor shaft through external analog input or direct address assignment. For example, if 10V corresponds to 5Nm, when the external analog is set to 5V, the motor shaft Output is 2.5Nm: If the motor shaft load is less than 2.5Nm, the motor will rotate forward. When the external load is equal to 2.5Nm, the motor will not rotate. When the external load is greater than 2.5Nm, the motor will rotate reversely (usually caused by a gravity load). The set torque can be changed by changing the analog setting in real time, or by changing the corresponding address value through communication.

2.Position control:The position control mode generally determines the rotation speed through the frequency of externally input pulses, and determines the rotation angle through the number of pulses. Some servo can also directly assign speed and displacement through communication. Since the position mode can strictly control both speed and position, it is generally used in positioning devices.

3.Speed mode:The rotational speed can be controlled through analog input or pulse frequency. The speed mode can also be used for positioning when there is an outer loop PID control of a host control device, but the position signal of the motor or the position signal of the direct load must be given to the host. Feedback for calculation purposes. The position mode also supports direct load outer ring detection of position signals. At this time, the encoder on the motor shaft end only detects the motor speed, and the position signal is provided by the direct detection device on the final load end. This has the advantage of reducing the need for intermediate transmission. The error increases the positioning accuracy of the entire system.

How to optimize the performance of helical planetary gearboxes？

1.Basic introduction of helical planetary gearbox

A helical planetary gearbox combines the features of both helical gears and planetary gear systems to create a compact, efficient, and high-performance power transmission system. It uses helical gears, which have teeth cut at an angle for smoother, quieter operation and better load distribution, within a planetary gear configuration. This combination results in a gearbox that can handle high torque, provide speed reduction and torque multiplication, and do so with greater efficiency and less noise than traditional gearboxes. 

2.Key components of helical planetary gearbox

1.Sun Gear:This is the central gear that meshes with the planet gears and receives the input power. 

2.Planet Gears:These gears rotate around the sun gear and mesh with both the sun gear and the ring gear. They are typically arranged in sets of two or more. 

3.Ring Gear (Annulus):This is the outer gear with internal teeth that surrounds the planet gears. It is usually stationary, but can also be configured to rotate. 

4.Planet Carrier:This component holds the planet gears and rotates with them, transmitting the output power. 

3.The importance of helical planetary gearbox

1.High Torque and Efficiency:Helical gears have angled teeth that engage more gradually than straight-cut (spur) gears, resulting in a larger contact area and better load distribution. This allows them to handle higher torque and operate more efficiently. Planetary gear systems, with multiple planet gears orbiting a sun gear, further distribute the load, enabling high torque density and high gear ratios in a compact package. 

2.Smooth and Quiet Operation: The gradual engagement of helical gear teeth minimizes vibration and noise compared to spur gears, making them ideal for noise-sensitive environments.The planetary configuration also contributes to smoother operation by distributing the load across multiple gear contacts.

3.Compact Size and High Gear Ratios: Planetary gearboxes are known for their ability to provide high gear ratios within a small footprint.Helical gears further enhance this by allowing for higher torque transmission within the same space, making them suitable for applications with limited space constraints.

4.Increased Durability and Reliability: The larger contact area and even load distribution of helical gears reduce wear and tear, leading to increased durability and longer lifespan.The planetary arrangement also distributes the load, reducing the risk of localized stress and failure.

5.Applications: Helical planetary gearboxes are widely used in robotics, CNC machines, conveyors, and other precision machinery where accuracy, strength, and high torque are essential.They are also favored in applications where smooth and quiet operation is critical, such as medical equipment and precision instruments.

4.Optimization skills for helical planetary gearboxes

1.Gear Ratio and Size:Selecting the right gear ratio is paramount for achieving the desired speed and torque output. Consider the specific application and its power and efficiency requirements. Different configurations of planetary reducers can be chosen to meet various needs, from heavy-duty applications to those requiring fine control. 

2.Lubrication:Proper lubrication is vital for minimizing friction and wear. Regularly inspect and maintain the lubrication system to ensure optimal efficiency and prevent premature failure. Consider the specific lubrication requirements of the gearbox, including the type of lubricant and the recommended viscosity. 

3.Cooling:High-torque applications generate heat, which can negatively impact gearbox performance and longevity. Implement adequate cooling mechanisms, such as fans or cooling jackets, to prevent overheating and maintain optimal operating temperatures. The type of cooling system will depend on the specific application and its thermal requirements. 

4.Alignment:Precise alignment of the gears is crucial for even load distribution and reduced friction. Misalignment can lead to uneven wear, increased friction, and reduced efficiency. Ensure that the gearbox is properly aligned during installation and that any necessary adjustments are made to maintain proper alignment during operation. 

5.Backlash Control:In some applications, minimizing backlash (the amount of free movement between gear teeth) is important for precision and accuracy. Tight gear fits can help reduce backlash and improve the gearbox's performance, especially in applications requiring precise control. 

6.Material Selection:The materials used in the gearbox construction can also impact performance. High-quality materials with good wear resistance and strength are essential for ensuring long-term reliability and performance. 

Main advantages and applications of hybrid stepper motor

1. Basic introduction to hybrid stepper motor

A hybrid stepper motor is a type of electric motor that combines the features of both permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepper motors, offering higher torque and precision than either type alone. It achieves this by having a rotor with permanent magnets and a stator with electromagnets, which interact to create precise rotational movement in discrete steps when energized by electrical pulses. 

2. Working principle of hybrid stepper motor

Hybrid stepper motors operate by precisely controlling the energization of stator windings to rotate the rotor in discrete steps. This is achieved by creating a magnetic field that interacts with the permanent magnets embedded in the rotor, causing it to move in alignment with the field's direction. The step angle, or the amount of rotation per step, is determined by the motor's design, including the number of rotor teeth and stator poles. 

3.Advantages of hybrid stepper motor

1. High Positional Accuracy and Precision:One of the most significant advantages of hybrid stepper motors is their exceptional positional accuracy and precision. These motors can move in very small increments, typically 1.8 degrees per step. With precise control of each step, hybrid stepper motors provide highly accurate positioning, making them ideal for applications requiring precise movements, such as 3D printers, CNC machines, and medical equipment.

2. High Torque at Low Speeds:Another advantage of hybrid stepper motors is their ability to provide high torque even at low speeds. This characteristic is particularly useful in applications where the motor needs to start and move heavy loads, such as in industrial automation and robotics.

3. Open-loop Control:Hybrid stepper motors operate in open-loop control systems, which means they do not require feedback sensors to determine the rotor position accurately. This feature simplifies the control process and reduces system complexity. Open-loop control also eliminates the need for additional sensors, making the overall system more cost-effective.

4. Compact Size and High Power Density:Hybrid stepper motors are known for their compact size and high power density. The compact design makes them suitable for applications with limited space, such as small-scale automation systems and portable devices. Despite their small size, hybrid stepper motors can deliver mechanical power comparable to larger motors, thanks to their high power density.

5. Cost-effective Solution:Hybrid stepper motors offer a cost-effective solution compared to other motor types, such as servo motors. They have a relatively lower price point, making them more accessible for many applications. Additionally, the absence of feedback sensors further reduces the overall cost of the system.

4.Main applications of hybrid stepper motor

1.Robotics and Automation:Hybrid stepper motors are commonly used in robotics and automation due to their ability to provide precise and reliable motion control. These motors are essential for controlling the movement of robotic arms, grippers, and other automated systems. With their high torque output and accurate positioning capabilities, hybrid stepper motors play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of robotic applications. 

2.3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing:The use of hybrid stepper motors in 3D printing and additive manufacturing has revolutionized the way objects are produced. These motors are used to precisely control the movement of the print head and build platform, enabling highly accurate and intricate 3D printed designs. Hybrid stepper motors are favored in 3D printing for their ability to provide high-resolution and smooth motion, resulting in superior print quality. 

3.CNC Machining and Milling:In CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining and milling, hybrid stepper motors are widely used to drive the movement of cutting tools and workpieces with exceptional precision. These motors are capable of providing the high torque required for heavy-duty machining operations, while also delivering the accuracy needed for intricate and complex part production. 

4.Medical Devices and Imaging Systems:Hybrid stepper motors play a critical role in medical devices and imaging systems, where precision and reliability are paramount. These motors are commonly employed in applications such as MRI machines, CT scanners, robotic surgery systems, and laboratory automation equipment. With their ability to deliver consistent and controlled motion, hybrid stepper motors contribute to the advancement of medical technology by enabling more accurate diagnostics, minimally invasive procedures, and improved patient care.

5.Automotive Systems and Electric Vehicles:In the automotive industry, hybrid stepper motors are utilized in a wide range of applications, including fuel injection systems, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) actuators, power seats, and electric power steering. With the shift towards electric and hybrid vehicles, the demand for hybrid stepper motors continues to rise as they are essential for controlling various vehicle components with precision and efficiency.

Structural advantages and common applications of permanent magnet stepper motors

1. Basic introduction to permanent magnet stepper motors

Permanent magnet stepper motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Their core feature is that the rotor uses permanent magnets, which can generate a magnetic field with alternating polarity in the air gap. When the stator winding is energized, the rotor will align with the direction of the magnetic field determined by the phase winding. When the winding is switched, the rotor will rotate a specific angle to achieve stepping motion.

2. Working principle of permanent magnet stepper motors

The working principle of permanent magnet stepper motors is based on the principle of electromagnetism. Its internal structure includes a fixed part (stator) and a movable part (rotor). The stator has a gear-like protrusion with a coil wound on it, and the rotor is a permanent magnet. When the stator phase is energized, the current passing through the coil generates a magnetic field, and the rotor will align with the magnetic field. By applying voltage to different phases in turn, the rotor will rotate a specific angle and eventually reach the required position.

3. Structural advantages of permanent magnet stepper motors

‌1. High efficiency‌: One of the biggest advantages of permanent magnet stepper motors is their high efficiency. Because it uses high-performance permanent magnetic materials, it does not require an external power supply to provide a magnetic field, which reduces energy loss, so the efficiency can reach more than 90%, which is significantly higher than traditional motors.

2. Excellent power density: Permanent magnet stepper motors have higher output power at the same volume and weight. This feature makes it particularly outstanding in application environments with limited space, such as electric vehicles, robots, and portable devices. High power density not only improves the performance of the equipment, but also helps to reduce the weight of the equipment, which is conducive to the portability and flexibility of the product.

3. Wide operating range: Permanent magnet stepper motors have a wide operating range and can work stably under various working conditions. Because its starting and running torque is relatively constant, it can still maintain good performance even at low speeds and high loads. This is particularly important in application scenarios that require frequent starting and stopping, such as elevators, lifts, etc.

4. Low maintenance cost: Compared with traditional motors, permanent magnet stepper motors have less mechanical wear. Its brushless design eliminates the wear and replacement of carbon brushes, greatly reducing maintenance costs. This low maintenance requirement enables permanent magnet stepper motors to maintain high reliability in long-term operation and reduce downtime.

‌5. High precision and repeatability: Permanent magnet linear stepper motors can achieve high-precision linear motion through precise linear motion control technology and efficient drive algorithms. Feedback systems such as grating scales or encoders provide real-time position information to the motor, and the drive algorithm adjusts the current and voltage based on this information to ensure the accuracy of the stepping action.

4. Common applications of permanent magnet stepper motors

1. Industrial automation and control: In CNC machine tools (CNC), permanent magnet stepper motors are used to drive the X, Y, and Z axes of lathes, milling machines, and engraving machines for precise linear or rotational motion, and control tool position and feed speed. In addition, they are also used in 3D printers to accurately control the movement of the print head and platform to achieve layer-by-layer material stacking.

‌2. Medical and laboratory equipment‌: In the medical field, permanent magnet stepper motors are used to control the rotation and positioning of the scanning head of CT/X-ray machines, adjust the precise position of certain components in nuclear magnetic resonance, and control the propulsion speed and distance of the piston in the infusion pump/syringe pump to achieve trace and uniform delivery of liquid medicine‌. In laboratory equipment, they are also used in DNA sequencers and automated sample processors to accurately move the position of sample trays and detection probes‌.

‌3. Office automation equipment‌: In printers, scanners, copiers and fax machines, permanent magnet stepper motors are used to control the precise movement of print heads, scanning heads and paper‌

1. In addition, they are also used in plotters to accurately control the movement of drawing pens or knives and draw fine graphics‌.

4‌. Consumer electronics and household appliances‌: In cameras, smart door locks and air conditioners, permanent magnet stepper motors are used to control the translation, pitch and rotation of cameras, the electronic unlocking of smart door locks, and the swing of air guide plates of air conditioners‌.

5. Other applications: Permanent magnet stepper motors are also used in stage lighting to control the angle and zoom of spotlights, as well as in instrumentation and control to rotate car dashboard pointers and adjust valve openings.

Source:https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/yixing/diary/202506250000/